MODAL AUXILIARY

Aisyah Rizana Rahmah/10213505/4ea18

MODAL AUXILIARY

            The principal English modal auxiliaries are can, could, may, might, ought to, shall, should, will and would, do not change form for different subjects. The simple form of using modals auxiliaries as follows form bellow:

I	Modals + Verb 1 + Adjective
You (Singular)
He
We
You (Plural)
They

            There is separate section or purpose on the modal auxiliaries, which divides these verbs into their various meanings of necessity, advice, ability, expectation, permission, possibility, etc. But there are several cases for example of using modals such as have, has and had. These word is using to forming present perfect tense and past perfect tense which is they have form as follow form below:

Present Perfect Tense	Past Perfect Tense
Subject + (Have/Has) + V3 + Adjective	Subject + Had + V3 + Adjective

            Example for present perfect tense, “I have finished my homework.”. and then an example for past perfect tense, “I had visited Tokyo Tower last year.”. For other words of modal auxiliaries can follow simple form as follow in first table.

Ø  Uses of Can and Could

The modal auxiliary can be used to express ability (in the sense of being able to do something or knowing how to do something). Example: He can speak Indonesian but he can’t write it very well. And then the modal auxiliary could be used to express an ability in the past. Example: I could ride a bicycle when I was kid.

Ø  Uses of May and Might

            May can be used to asking permission. For example,“May I join to your class?”. And then might is the past tense of may, Might is considerably more tentative than may. Might also can be used for asking permission and expressing possibility. For example, “He might be my supervisor for my final task.”.

Ø  Uses of will and Would

            Will can be used to express intention (especially in the first person). For example, “I will finish my homework later.”. and then would can be used to offer some product to somebody in the polite way. For example, “Would you like to order some coffee sir?”.

Ø  Uses of Shall and Should

            Shall is used to express the simple future for first person I and we. For example, “Shall we be traveling to Tokyo next holiday?”. And then should can be used for advising someone to do something. For example, “You should go to doctor if you are sick.”.

References

[1]	Capital Community College Foundation, "Helping and Modal Auxiliary Verbs," 2004. [Online]. Available: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/auxiliary.htm. [Accessed 16 June 2017].

The role of financial institutions of banks and non-bank financial institutions as financial intermediaries

Name: Aisyah Rizana Rahmah (10213505)
Class: 4EA18
The role of financial institutions of banks and non-bank financial institutions as financial intermediaries

Bank Financial Institution

     The financial institution of the bank contributes to the economy in a State because the bank is a component of the cycle of economic activity of the State in terms of money storage and commercial transactions and the purpose of storing financial transactions conducted by individuals, companies or groups or other business institutions .

Non-bank financial institutions

     Non-bank financial institutions participate in the economic activities of a State as a supporter of commercial transaction activities such as non-bank financial institutions, there is also a commercial and non-commercial nature that leads to efforts to secure businesses, companies and supporters to support the commercial activities of financial institutions Banks that have a linkage that each has weaknesses and advantages and equally have different advantages of its participants also consists of individuals, companies, and groups.

About Bank Financial Institution

Name: Aisyah Rizana Rahmah (10213505)
Class: 4EA18
Bank Financial Institution (LKB)
Financial institution with the form of a bank. Bank is a financial institution
Collect and accept the community or receive money from the community later
Will be channeled to communities in need of funds in credit or form
Borrowing money, and also issuing promissory notes (banknote) to improve the standard of living
wide community.

The types of bank financial institutions consist of:
1) Commercial Bank (Conventional and Sharia),
2) Rural Banks (Conventional and Sharia).
3) BI

1. Commercial Bank
Commercial Banks according to Law Number 7 of 1992 concerning banking as amended by Act Number 10 of 1998, are banks conducting conventional and / or sharia-based business activities which in their activities provide services in the payment traffic. The nature of the services provided is common. Commercial Banks are often also called Commercial Banks

Examples of commercial banks in Indonesia
• Government banks, such as BRI, BNI, BTN.
• Regional Development Bank (BPD), such as BPD DKI Jakarta.
• Foreign Exchange National Private Bank, such as BCA, NISP, Bank Danamon.
• National Private Bank Non-Foreign Exchange.
• Mixed Bank, for example Sumitomo Niaga Bank.
• Foreign Banks, such as Bank of America, Bank of Tokyo.

Commercial banks are called Foreign Exchange Banks and Non-Foreign Exchange Banks:
• Foreign Exchange Commercial Bank means the scope of its operational motion to overseas.
• Non-Foreign Exchange Bank means the scope of its operational activities within the country only.

3. Bank Syariah.
Financial institutions whose main business is to provide credit and other services in the traffic payments and money operations that are in accordance with the principles of sharia

Examples of Sharia Banks
• Bank Muamalat
• Bank Mandiri Syariah
• BNI Syariah

2. Rural Bank (BPR)
According to Act Number 7 of 1992 concerning Banking, the term Rural Bank is a bank that accepts deposits only in the form of time deposits, savings and or other similar forms.

Sample BPR
• Lumbung Pitih Nagari (LPN)
• Village Credit Institution (LPD)
• Village Credit Agency (BKD)
• Kecamatan Credit Board (BKK),
• Village Production Work Bank (BKPD)
• Bank Jabar
• Bank Jateng

3. BI or Central Bank
    Banks that can create means of payment in the form of currency or demand deposit, and are a common center of money control in the State and supervisors of the conventional banks.

Example of a Central Bank in Indonesia
• BI (Bank Indonesia)
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Differences of the four existing profit theories

NAME             : Aisyah Rizana Rahmah

CLASS / NPM : 3-EA-18/10213505

COURSE         : Operations Management

QUESTION!

1. Look for the differences of the four existing profit theories:

• The Frictional Economic Profit Theory

• Monopolistic Economics Profit Theory

• Innovative Economy Profit Theory

• Economic Profit Compensation Theory

ANSWER:

Profit theory in economics

     According to the theory of earnings in the economy, the rate of profit or profit in each company has different rates of profit depending on each of each type of industry. There are several theories that explain this difference as follows:

• Frictional Theory of Profit.

    The Frictional Economic Profit Theory states that markets are often not in equilibrium because of unanticipated changes in product demand or cost conditions. The result is a positive or negative economic profit for some companies. In the long term, the industry will protect itself by installing an entry barrier and exit barrier, so that the rate of return will be normal (equilibrium). This theory emphasizes that profits increase as a result of long-run equilibrium.

• Monopoly Theory of Profit 

     This theory suggests that some firms, due to factors such as economies of scale, high capital requirements, patents, or import protection, can develop a monopoly position that allows them to maintain above-normal earnings for longer periods of time. This theory says that some firms with monopoly power can limit output and emphasize higher prices than when firms operate in perfect competitive conditions.

• Innovation Theory of Profit 

       The theory of innovation is also related to friction. In innovation theory, above-normal earnings can arise as a result of successful innovation. However, companies that have succeeded in innovation are not immune from competition attacks from imitator companies. In innovation theory, above-normal earnings can arise as a result of successful innovation. However, companies that have succeeded in innovation are not immune from competition attacks from imitator companies. Therefore, companies need to innovate constantly.

• Economic Profit Compensation Theory

        The compensation theory of economic profit states that above-normal returns are merely rewards for highly successful firms meeting customer needs, maintaining efficient operations, and so on.

This theory also recognizes economic profit as an important reward for the entrepreneurial function of owners or managers.

        Every company and product begins as an idea to better serve the needs that exist or are perceived by potential or potential customers. This need remains unfulfilled until an individual takes the initiative to design, plan, and implement a solution. This opportunity for economic profit is an important motivation for entrepreneurial activity.

THE ROLE OF STATE FINANCE TO THE BANKING SECTOR

Name: Aisyah Rizana Rahmah

NPM: 10213505

Class: 4EA18

Course: Capita Selekta finance

THE ROLE OF STATE FINANCE TO THE BANKING SECTOR

              Before knowing the role of the country's finances we must know the definition of state finances first. State finances are all rights and obligations of the state which can be assessed with money, as well as everything in the form of money or in the form of goods which may be the property of the state in connection with the exercise of such rights and obligations.

                 The relationship between the state finances to the banking sector can be formulated with a formula that describes the relationship between income and savings in which the income is controlled by the state financial sector whereas in this case the banking plays an important role to regulate storage or saving. In this case the national banking sector is centered on BI (Bank Indonesia), which is the central implementer of the national banking sector.

 

Y = C + I + G + M

                                                                                       

Y = Revenue

C = Consumption

S = Storage / saving

Can be analyzed from the above formula states that income is consumption plus storage. Where S should be developed for the sustainability of one of the financing activities of the state and controlled by the banking sector.

	S = I

 

Should S (Saving) should be developed into an investment to continue to develop funds from the saving in order to remain productive moves for the country. In this case the state plays an important role through the minister of finance serves to regulate Investment and the national banking sector in this case BI serves to regulate from S (saving). Monetary stability and financial system stability are two sides of an inseparable currency. Both of them are related to each other. The following functions and tasks of BI:

• The function of Bank Indonesia

1. Raise public funds

2. Instill funds managed into various productive assets, for example

      In the form of credit.

3. Provide payment services and other banking services.

• Tasks of Bank Indonesia

In order to achieve the predetermined objectives, the tasks of Bank Indonesia include 3 matters:

1. Establish and implement monetary policy, including:

          A. Open Market Operations

          B. Determination of Minimum Reserve Requirements

          C. Role As Lender of The Last Resort

          D. Exchange Rate Policy

          E. Foreign Exchange Reserve Management

          F. Credit Progam

2. Organize and Maintain the Smoothness of the Payment System

In accordance with the Law no. 23 of 1990 concerning Bank Indonesia, one of the tasks of Bank Indonesia is to regulate and maintain the smooth payment system in the field of payment system of Bank Indonesia is the only institution that has the obligation to issue and circulate rupiah money and withdraw, withdraw and destroy from circulation.

3. Task Managing and Supervising the Bank

In order to regulate and supervise the banks, the Indonesian banks establish regulations, grant and revoke licenses for certain institutional or business activities from banks, carry out supervision of banks, and impose sanctions on banks in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.

THE STORY ABOUT ELA'S TAILOR

    In the current era of globalization often economic factors related to income inequality become a frequent problem. But to solve it there is one business that can create a new economic source. Right now we have to have a mindset to think to help the economic inequality related to income with entrepreneurship. In the description of my research this time will explain the type of business owned by a woman named ela, following his explanation.
• OWNER ELA'S TAILOR PROFILE
Name: Ela
Age: 36th
Education: High School
Expertise: Sewing, designing various clothes
Job: Tailor and Housewife
Address: Kp.sugutamu rt.06 rw.022 depok.
• PROFILE ELA'S TAILOR
Business Name: Ela's Tailor
Business location: Kp.sugutamu rt.06 rw.022 depok.
In 2012
Types of business: Sewing and design services wear type of clothing
For more details will be discussed in the following description:

       Ela's Tailor is a business that is quite smoothly in the pioneering process of his career to date in the township. 5 years already since 2012-2017 ela's tailor stands. The beginning of his establishment of ela's tailor is still accompanied by the sale of ready-made and indomie packaging beverages. In the second year began to explore other areas of sales plus credit besides his efforts in sewing and selling drinks and food. In the third year the business of selling beverages and food and selling service pulses began to be reduced by the mother as the owner of the business. Right at the beginning of the fourth year only effort in the field of sewing that still ditekuni with meperbesar breadth to the place where the first place to sell food and soft drinks. This is due to the increasing number of orders for sewing services rather than the business of selling pulses and food and beverages.

      Mrs. ela, owner of sewing, has the principle of "precision, dexterity and patience of the keys of perfect stitching" for her tailor business. Mrs. ela runs this business without any employees other than herself due to the limited space that is still merged with his house and the limited funds to provide wages. In addition, the cost set by the mother for each of her stitching services is quite cheap and affordable for residents around the village where the middle class down in terms of economic income. Here's a list of tools and a list of fees for each tailoring service owned by Ela's Tailor:

• List of Tools
No. Name of Tool Amount
1. Manual Sewing Machine 1
2. Electric Sewing Machine 1
3. Mini Obras Machine 1
4. Mini Embroidery Machine 1

• Sewing Cost List
No Type of Service Fees
1. Pattern Design Rp 25.000 - Rp 40.000
2. Cutting Rp 25.000 - Rp 30.000
3. Obras Rp 2.000 - Rp 10.000
4. Embroidery Rp 30.000 - Rp 75.000
5. Sew Rp 35.000 - Rp 50.000
6. Design + cutting + sewing Rp 70.000 - Rp 100.000
* The price above is seen from the level of complexity and if the consumer wants clothing material from ela's tailor then the price will be adjusted with the addition of material prices.

       Mrs ela taught me to be brave and not afraid to entrepreneurship despite experiencing falling in the process a normal thing that distinguish is whether we want and able to rise ?.

This is the story of one of the many entrepreneurs who are not silent on the limitations of their economy and are constantly looking to generate more and more benefit for his special family's crowd. Hopefully what I describe is able to open the mental block of friends to dare to start entrepreneurship and work and to empower others for the prosperity together.